Analysis Of The Book The Gatsby - 1865 Words

Everyone’s reality, cultures, lives, have a different idea of what hell is, what qualifies as a sin, and what are effective punishments. In some cultures even being left-handed can lend you a hand in going to hell. However, I don’t have time in fifteen minutes to tell you a story for every single hell that could possibly exist but I do have just enough time to tell you a story about the Gatsby Hell. Once a long, long, time ago, well not that long, not like millions of years ago, more like roughly 95 years ago, a reality was created featuring a love-stricken male an indecisive female whose love story could hardly compare to that of Romeo’s and Juliet’s but did result in a few deaths anyways. Our narrator in the book, and for our hell the person going through it, Nick Caraway, begins the book by giving us a bit of insight onto him. Then we meet Nick’s associates which are Nick s cousin Daisy Buchanan, her arrogant condescending husband, Tom Buchanan, and Jordan Baker, her close friend. The Buchanan’s live on the fashionable East Egg, Nick lives on the less-fashionable West Egg, which sits across the bay from East Egg. Nick soon comes up on his new neighbor and is fascinated by Mr. Jay Gatsby, a wealthy and mysterious man who owns a huge mansion next door to Nick and spends most of his evenings standing on his lawn and looking out across the dock and w ater at a green light across the bay. Later on in our story, Tom feels cocky and decides to take Nick to the city to showShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby Book Analysis1016 Words   |  5 Pagesdeeper meanings and symbolism in literature. Before reading The Great Gatsby, it was just a book about a man who had great wealth and threw many extravagant parties to get the attention of a woman named Daisy Buchanan. After further analysis, I discovered there was a deeper meaning to almost everything that I had read. The whole plot of the book The Great Gatsby has an entire different meaning if you look past the surface of the book. Throughout this story you go past the surface of Jay Gatsbys lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1707 Words   |  7 PagesJeremy Doniger Mrs. McInerny English 10H 17 March 2015 The Nature of Duality in The Great Gatsby The midwest is known for down-to-earth goodness, for wholesome, satisfying conceptions of morality that satisfied the masses of people who immigrated there in the 19th and 20th centuries. Morality, in that conventional, midwestern way, is merely a set of rules governing the difference between right and wrong - a simple duality. Dualistic thought suffices for us most because it is simple and it makesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 839 Words   |  4 PagesMia Mooko AP Lang. Summer Assignment 30 July 2016 The Great Gatsby Section One: 1. By the third paragraph of the third chapter, verb tense changes. What is the effect of this change, or what do you think it s purpose is? When describing Gatsby s parties, Fitzgerald switches from past to present tense not only to make the reader feel as if they are engulfed in the festivities, but to also emphasize the repetitiveness and predictability of his parties. By using present tense, the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"History of the Dream†, the American Dream is enshrined as our national motto. The American Dream lives in each and every one living in the United States. However, there are different variants that described it. For example, in the movie The Great Gatsby the main characters portrayed his dream as the acquisition of properties and money. While similar in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street alcohol, drugs, sex and wealth are the epitome of the American Dream. When one thinks about the American Dream theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1138 Words   |  5 Pagesin the United States. The novel The Great Gatsby documents this t ime period with a precise attention to the culture clash that resulted from this era. This culture clash is emphasised by the climax of the novel, with a conflict between Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The division of East and West Egg due to geographic and sociopolitical factors provides the initial preconceptions necessary to spark the main conflict of the novel between Tom Buchanan and Gatsby. The most important fact in establishingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby 1533 Words   |  7 PagesMirage in a Desert: The Duality of Dreams in The Great Gatsby Dreamers are those who dedicate themselves to bringing the world in their minds into reality, unwilling to accept compromise. Dreams are the realities that everyone holds in their minds giving their lives meaning and direction, but what happens when a dreamer dreams a dream far too grand for reality? Scott F. Fitzgerald critically examines the duality of dreams in The Great Gatsby, a story about a young gentleman trying to achieve theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesReview Sheet 1. Title: The Great Gatsby Significance of title: The title of the book is ironic in the sense that Gatsby, the main protangonist of the story, has gained wealth and celebrity like status in the West Egg only with the help of shamming others and deceiving those around him. In the end, Gatsby is dead and the empire of wealth and reputation has shattered despite how great he is. 3. Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters 4. Protagonist(s): Jay Gatsby 5. Antagonist(s): 1.Tom BuchananRead MoreAp Book Analysis Of The Great Gatsby959 Words   |  4 PagesAP Book Report 1. Title of Work: 2. Author and date written: The author who wrote the was was F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the era of when the book was written was 1920’s. 3. Country of author: Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul Minnesota but was later shipped off to boarding school in New Jersey. 4.Characters (label as major and minor) Major:Jay Gatsby- Gatsby was a big entrepreneur with â€Å"new money† and was one of the wealthiest men in the city, he had a long lost love named Daisy, they loved eachRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1388 Words   |  6 Pages3rd person, hopfully only this chapter Once there was a boy. His name was Ross Howner. He was only a peasent to most, he lived in a small village called skedia in the far corner of the kindom masonia. Just as every other person though, he had a secret. His secret was far more greater then most. You see, Ross was a warlock, so he had magic. But if anyone found out he would be hung at the sight,  for the kind of Masonia despised magic.  His mother was the only one who knew about his magic, for  sheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay953 Words   |  4 Pages Part two begins slowly and adds more confusion. The story is overly convoluted with new characters and new events. Instead of Chris working on figuring out who’s after him and finding the chip, the story changes directions and it turns into stopping a major explosion and about a new world order. Also, James dominates part two, not Chris. In fact, characters well established in part one, are not active in part two, such as Kurt Slowensky. Part two spends too much time on the hypnosis scene, the

Essay on Euthanasia Should Approve in this World - 1805 Words

Euthanasia Should Approve In This World Introduction Euthanasia is derived from a Greek word euthanatos which means easy death (BBC Ethics Guide, 2012). In simple ways it is the way to choose death to get relieve from the pain and sufferings of a disease which is prolonged and cannot be cured. This is the main reason which raises various social, moral and ethical issues in whether Euthanasia or mercy killing should be allowed or not. There are various definitions provided to justify the negative concept associated with euthanasia. One very common definition of euthanasia is â€Å"the deliberate, rapid and painless termination of life of a person afflicted with incurable and progressive disease†(Roy, Williams Dickens quoted by†¦show more content†¦The painful cries and longing for death is completely unbearable. Only those who had experienced these conditions can understand that fear of death is more painful than death itself, and these people with pain live every day with pain and fear of death. This is the worst condi tion, even in some cases these patients became burden and pain for their families and with the pain of their physical conditions where they already handing between the life and death, have to suffer the emotional pain of their familys neglect. All these conditions lead these people to long for a death but death never occurred by prolonging their sufferings. In these conditions euthanasia is the only way to relieve these people from further pain and sufferings and to end their life with dignity. Thesis Statement To relieve patients from the pain and sufferings of incurable, prolonged diseases, euthanasia should approve in this world. Discussion There are various terms associated with the concept of euthanasia. It is also referred to as physician assisted suicide, mercy killing and death with dignity. Despite the fact all these terms justifies the main reason for euthanasia even then there is opposition to this concept and this led to raise the people to ask for their right. These are the people who became completely dependent on others for their necessities andShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Is The Termination Of A Person s Life813 Words   |  4 Pages Background In the societies around the world the term Euthanasia has been refuse during decades. Most of people have made their own opinion about it, based in not liable information like rumours or something that read in somewhere. The purpose of this report is give a brief explanation about Euthanasia, touching the main aspects such as classification, legal, ethical and religious aspects and human rights related with dying people in order to explain this term and allow each person to decide ifRead MoreIs Euthanasia Necessary For Terminally Ill Patients?892 Words   |  4 Pagesagony for years hoping for an end. Not able leave the hospital room. What should be done to end the endless pain? Euthanasia is ending one s life for them. This is currently illegal in the United States, even though 84% of the public and 54% of doctors support it! Euthanasia is necessary for terminally ill patients and their loved ones. So for starters, we must legalize euthanasia. But if we just legalize euthanasia, then we must accept suicide and murder. Anybody could have the right to endRead MoreSiya Kumar. Dying With Dignity. . Imagine Yourself With1360 Words   |  6 Pagesphysician assisted death. Physician assisted death and voluntary euthanasia should be legal in the the United States because if a person has the right to life, then they also have the right to death, it helps terminally ill patients to escape the pain that awaits them, and it can be safely regulated by government legislation. Euthanasia is specifically provided for individuals diagnosed with a terminal illness. There are several types of euthanasia that differ in the way that the patient passes away, whoRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue over aRead MoreComparing Judaism and Buddhisim on Controversial Topics912 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions around the world with various opinions on moral teachings. Moral teachings are vital in a religious group because they guide our actions and teach us how to behave in our everyday lives. Judaism and Buddhism express their values of abortion, homosexuality as well as euthanasia in exceptionally similar fashions. Similarities and differences between the two religions will further be explored. A huge controversy throughout an abundance of religions is the topic of abortion. This is a particularlyRead MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide918 Words   |  4 Pagestwo oral requests at least 15 days apart. (Reilly). While Gov. Jerry Brown still has yet to approve this new law, the act has shed light on the topic of euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide. With the pending status of the law, the question remains on whether or not the act should be passed and if so should the US take initiative and begin to legalize assisted-death in other states. Currently, euthanasia is illegal in ev ery state; however, physician-assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, WashingtonRead MoreThe Morality Of Euthanasia And The Application Of Utilitarianism1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Morality of Euthanasia and the Application of Utilitarianism. Introduction When a patient is in immense amounts of pain from a terminal illness, one of the options to relieve a person from the pain is euthanasia. Euthanasia is seen as a controversial and moral issue because of the different viewpoints. Euthanasia is seen by some as killing, while others see it as removing a person from immense amounts of pain. This paper will first discuss the principles of utilitarianism through BenthamRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Painless Killing Of Someone1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdie miserably or to die without pain? Euthanasia is the painless killing of someone that is suffering from a disease or something that is incurable. â€Å"The concept of dying with one’s personhood intact is often referred to as a â€Å"Socratic death.† In today’s parlance, it is often called â€Å"dying with dignity† (â€Å"Dying with Dignity† 1996; Solovy 1999)† (Patel 38). In Greek, euthanasia literally means a good death. There are also many di fferent versions of euthanasia. The one that is legal in the UnitedRead MoreThe Debate On Euthanasia Is Never Ending1263 Words   |  6 Pages The debate on euthanasia is never ending. It is an important topic that debates whether assisted death is ethical or In spite of this euthanasia is not discriminatory towards the mentally ill. They are reasons and law Euthanasia is ‘painless inducement of a quick death’. It is is a long living debate that challenges the morality of life. Due to its high controversy only certain countries have legalised the procedure however they have strict rules and procedures that must be followed. In

Socio Cognitive and Linguistic Perspective Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Socio Cognitive and Linguistic Perspective. Answer: Introdcution: Womens role in advertisement has been increasing and major corporation giants are using the image of women to present their advertisement idea. Advertisements have played a significant major role in modern life. All the media channels are filled with advertisements. From time to time, advertisements are filling hours of television program and taking up space online and in web pages. As commented by Bullo (2014), we either communicate with ourselves or we communicate with others in the world. Advertisements are no doubt the means of communicating with others. The social media sites have provided the right approach to formulate and structure ones thoughts (Kim and Byungtae 2015). This essay compares the print advertisements of two renowned companies of Japan, Toyota and Pepsi. The car manufacturer giant has been well known to offer its cars to various levels of consumers. The advertisements made by this organization always portray a clear message and creates a buzz in the market. On the other hand, the advertisement approach of Pepsi is different. The soft drink company always has to share the same message that says that Pepsi is the best product to quench thirst (Kim and Byungtae 2015). For the comparison and analysis of the advertisements of these two companies, print advertisement where women have been used as the models for the advertisements. The thesis statement of the essay can be stated here. Womens role in advertisement has been increasing and major corporation giants are using the image of women to present their advertisement idea. This way these organization have been successful in creating a buzz in the market along with a strong message aligned to more power to women. At the same time, women are also considered as a feminist symbols and it is used my major marketers to attract more number of viewers and audiences towards the advertisement. According to Bhatt (2015), there are a number of advertisement techniques that the advertisers use at the time of designing an advertisement. Every bit of advertisement is portrait for a particular reason. The artists and designers put a lot into every bit of the advertisement. There always remains the strategy of mirror and window effect in the advertisement that eventually has effect on the viewers. In fact in the recent technologically advanced situation, communicating with people has become easier than ever. In the advertisement of Toyota, the role of women has been beautifully portrayed. The car manufacturer wanted to portray that they design cars for every section of the society. The advertisement very gracefully showed that the car is designed for the women working in the corporate world and also for those responsible women who has a family and children to take acre off (Toyota Outdoor Advert 2017). On the other hand, the advertisement of diet Pepsi shows a model holding a can of the diet Pepsi. There are no other elements that have been used in this advertisement. The colors used in the advertisement matches the color of the product. Very proactively, the blue color of Pepsi has been used for the dress of the model. There is only one statement used in the ad, Love every sip (Daisy 2017). This has clearly indicated the actual purpose of the ad that the soft drink replenishes the quench of thirst of the consumers. In this respect, it can be clearly said that the woman used in the ad does not personify a strong feminist character and perhaps it is a means of attracting people. The print advertisement of Toyota has been kept very simple where only the brands car has been used as the element. The logo of the car is present at the top left corner. The advertisement lacks any kind of info graphics. The target groups for this people are the working women who are capable enough to afford a car for them. Toyota indeed is supporting those women and helping them to achieve what they are craving for. This is indeed a drawback of the advertisement because if the ad included some kind of information, it would have been more accurate in it terms (Bhatt 2014). Similar comments can be made for the ad of Pepsi, The only comment that has been made in the advert was that Share the love with Sofia Vergara. This comment can be considered as a serious note where the aim of the advertisement is to attract consumers on the note that it shall provide them a chance to meet Sofia. The target group of people in this respect could be considered as both the women and men in the society mostly the youths. As commented by Willi et al. (2015), the aim of the advertisement designer always remains to attract more audiences towards the product. In order to do so, there are certain factors that play important role in shaping the advertisement. These factors are creativity, innovations and to certain extent feminist representation in the advertisement. This has always been fruitful for the advertisers to attract people. In the recent technologically advanced society and the increasing impact of the social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and others, the opportunity of reaching out people has increased. Thus, designers are using different means to represent their ideas to the consumers. With the detailed analysis of the two print advertisements it has been cleared that the approach of the two companies was different. Both the companies have used women as the model for the endorsement but on a serious note, Toyota portrayed a more serious and sincere character of women and the responsibilities that they have to perform. On the other hand, Pepsi has used the model to attract more viewers. Thus, it can be clearly stated that the women have been portrayed differently in the advertisements depending on the designers concept. Depending on the concept of the designers, the advertisements are designed and are released to the world. This way the concept of mirror and window is fulfilled. The advertisements have been designed in the right way keeping the target group of people into consideration. This way these companies have been successful in creating buzz in the market. References: Bhatt, Surya. "Brand Positioning Map and Analysis Using Web Scraping and Advertisement Analysis." (2015). Bullo, Stella.Evaluation in advertising reception: A socio-cognitive and linguistic perspective. Springer, 2014. Development, Daisy. "Sofia Vergara Actress - Celebrity Endorsements, Celebrity Advertisements, Celebrity Endorsed Products". Celebrityendorsementads.com.., 2017. Web. 2 May 2017 Kim, Myunsoo, and Byungtae Lee. "Analysis of an advertisement based business model under technological advancements in fair use personal recording services."Electronic Commerce Research and Applications14.3 (2015): 169-180. Toyota Outdoor Advert By Saatchi Saatchi: Life Style Capsule, Woman | Ads Of The World". Adsoftheworld.com. 2017. Web. 2 May 2017. Wyllie, Jessica, Jamie Carlson, and Philip J. Rosenberger. "Does sexual-stimuli intensity and sexual self-schema influence female consumers' reactions toward sexualised advertising? An Australian perspective."Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)23.3 (2015): 188-195.

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management free essay sample

Department of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA Management Science Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA [emailprotected] fsu. edu †¢kirk. [emailprotected] edu †¢[emailprotected] sc. edu e present an empirical assessment of the productivity of individuals and institutions in terms of service operations management (SOM) research. We reviewed ? ve mainstream operations management journals over a 17-year time period to generate a sample of 463 articles related to service operations. The results indicate that SOM research has been growing and key contributions are being made by an array of researchers and institutions. Key words: research productivity; research review; service operations Submissions and Acceptance: Original submission: Received November 2005; revisions received July 2006 and October 2007; accepted October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. Introduction The transformation of industrialized economies from a manufacturing base to a service orientation is a continuing phenomenon. The trend is readily apparent in the United States where, by virtually all accounts, over 80% of private sector employment is engaged in some sort of service work (Karmarkar, 2004). Despite this, observers of research in operations management (OM) have long been critical of the ? eld for not transitioning in a similar manner. One study by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) reviewed 1,754 articles between 1992 and 1997 in seven key OM journals and reported only 53 (2. 7%) addressed service-related problems. Roth and Menor (2003) also voiced concern about a paucity of research in presenting a Service Operations Management (SOM) research agenda for the future. Regardless of the exact ? gures, there is clearly enormous potential and need for research in the service operations arena. Recent developments within the discipline are encouraging. For example, Production and Operations Management (POM) and the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) have taken several steps to facilitate research in service operations. First, the journal recently published three focused issues on 780 service operations. Second, POMS created a society subdivision, the College of Service Operations, that has hosted several national and international meetings. Finally, the journal now has an autonomous editorial department dedicated to service operations. Other initiatives to promote the service operations management ? eld include the establishment of IBM’s Service Science, Management, and Engineering initiative (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Section on Service Science. To a large extent, the service operations ? eld has long been considered to occupy a niche within operations management. If service operations management researchers are to establish themselves ? rmly within the OM community, it is our contention that their theoretical contributions to leading academic journals must be more widely recognized and their relevance to practice acknowledged. As a part of the effort to encourage this progress, the purpose of this note is twofold: (1) to demonstrate that published work in the key operations journals is indeed showing an upward trend and (2) to facilitate research of individual scholars by identifying the individuals and institutions that have contributed most to the ? ld of service operations. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Methodology and Results Although much more complex mechanisms exist to measure â€Å"contribution,† we relied on a straightforward approach to assess contrib utions by individuals and institutions. We considered four issues: (1) the time frame for the review, (2) the journals to be included, (3) the metric for productivity, and (4) the means to identify the articles to be included. First, we selected a 17-year time frame beginning with 1990 and running through 2006 because we believed that this interval would provide a comprehensive picture of the service operations ? eld as it has developed, as well as an opportunity to detect any overall trends. Next, we limited our assessment to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the premier journals in operations management (see http://citm. utdallas. edu/ utdrankings/). These include 3 journals dedicated to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary journals, Management Science (MS) and Operations Research (OR). Third, we assessed scholarly productivity by counting the number of research articles attributable to both individuals and their academic institutions, assigning a weight of 1/n to an author and his or her institution if an article had multiple (â€Å"n†) authors. The ? al issue to determine was what constituted a SOM article. We ? rst eliminated any article or research note that centered on agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. Then, two authors served as independent judges to determine whether an article employed an operations focus while addressing a service-speci? c problem or situation. In cases where there was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % agreeme nt between the two raters, the third author made the ? al decision. Consequently, an article was excluded if it developed a generic operations model or involved an operations topic that was discussed in a general way and was applicable in either a manufacturing or a service environment. When an article made speci? c reference to service contexts and elaborated on them, it was included. To clarify this point, consider the case of an article investigating an inventory-positioning policy between a manufacturer and a series of retailers. The article would be included as pertaining to service operations if it took the perspective of the retail operation but would be excluded if it took the manufacturing viewpoint. Using this methodology, we identi? ed 463 distinct service operations articles (see the Appendix for a complete list) and recorded information on the author(s) and author af? liation(s) at the time of publication. The numerical summary of articles is shown in Table 1, with each journal’s share of service operations articles. Over the 17-year period JOM, MSOM, and POM all exceeded 15% of service articles with respect to the total number of articles published, with OR and MS publishing somewhat smaller percentages. Additionally, there is an upward trend in the total number of service articles appearing in all ? ve journals, with a marked increase in the past 3 years (see Figure 1). With regard to JOM and POM, part of this move is attributable to the publication of special issues, which is a positive development because it demonstrates a heightened emphasis originating at the editorial level. The total number of individuals appearing in the sample pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 individuals Distribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 16 150 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 11 2 4 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not applicable) indicates that no issue was published in the speci? c journal in the target year; totals indicate the sum of all service operations articles in the noted year/journal; service % indicates the representation of service articles in comparison to the total number of articles published. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the Investigation Period 70 Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve journals. We conducted the same analysis by institution, and it resulted in 343 organizations appearing in the sample. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania followed with productivity scores greater than 12. Table 3 lists the remainder of the 26 most productive institutions. Although clearly dependent upon the journals within the sample, an important conclusion that might Table 2 Name Ward Whitt Gary Thompson Stefanos Zenios Scott Sampson Richard Chase Arnold Barnett Kenneth Boyer Arthur Hill Aleda Roth Robert Shumsky Dimitris Bertsimas Susan Meyer Goldstein Julie Hays Ananth Iyer Andreas Soteriou Cynthia Barnhart Vishal Gaur Deborah Kellogg Larry Jacobs Marshall Fisher Francois Soumis William L Cooper Jean Harvey Serguei Netessine Gerard Cachon Kingshuk Sinha Avishai Mandelbaum Individual Author Contributions Productivity score 8. 0 5. 50 3. 33 3. 33 3. 17 2. 90 2. 67 2. 67 2. 67 2. 53 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 42 2. 33 2. 25 2. 20 2. 17 2. 03 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 1. 83 1. 83 1. 83 be drawn from Tables 2 and 3 is that the key contributions in SOM research are diverse and originate from a broad array of authors and institutions. Many of these authors and institutions are known to approach the ? eld from normative or prescriptive perspectives and othe rs from more empirical or descriptive perspectives. In fact, Gupta, Verma, and Victorino (2006) recently noted that much of the growth in service research has come from studies that completely or partially employed empirical research methodologies. This increased emphasis on empirical studies bodes well for the â€Å"new† and growing ? eld. Table 3 Institution Institutional Contributions Productivity score 16. 17 16. 05 13. 41 12. 17 8. 75 8. 15 6. 75 6. 67 6. 67 6. 17 5. 77 5. 67 5. 67 5. 58 5. 50 5. 42 4. 95 4. 87 4. 75 4. 70 4. 50 4. 50 4. 42 4. 33 4. 33 4. 08 Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania University of Southern California Michigan State University University of Texas at Austin Stanford University Purdue University Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Georgia Institute of Technology University of Utah New York University Harvard University Northern Illinois University University of Rochester Southern Methodist University Naval Postgraduate School ATT University of Cyprus University of California at Los Angeles University of Maryland Vanderbilt University University of Michigan 2006 2005 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 783 3. Concluding Comments †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A variety of forces appear to be stimulating a longexpected increase in research emphasis on service operations management. Because service organizations and issues increasingly dominate the global economy, a greater emphasis on SOM research seems important and inevitable. With operations management journals and related professional societies simultaneously providing visibility for researchers and their efforts, it is likely that we will move forward toward a clearer and more robust SOM research paradigm. Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appendix Journal of Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Davis, 1990, An analysis of customer satisfaction with waiting times in a two-stage service process. Mabert, 1990, Measuring the impact of part-time workers in service organizations. Mersha, 1990, Enhancing the customer contact model. Thompson, 1990, Shift scheduling in services when employees have limited availability. Haynes, 1991, Management of technology in service ? rms. Banker, 1993, Integrated system design and operational decisions for service sector outlets. Thompson, 1993, Accounting for the multi-period impact of service when determining employee requirements for labor scheduling. Rajagopalan, 1994, Retail stocking decisions with order and stock sales. Heineke, 1995, Strategic operations management decisions and professional performance in U. S. HMOs. Karmarkar, 1995, Service markets and competition. Kellogg, 1995, A framework for strategic service management. Thompson, 1995, Labor scheduling using NPV estimates of the marginal bene? t of additional labor capacity. Archer, 1996, Consumer response to service and product quality. Butler, 1996, The operations management role in hospital strategic planning. Klassen, 1996, Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment. Youngdahl, 1997, The relationship between service customers’ quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort. Harvey, 1998, Service quality. Narasimhan, 1998, Reengineering service operations. Soteriou, 1998, Linking the customer contact model to service quality. Simons, 1999, Process design in a down-sizing service operation. Smith, 1999, The relationship of strategy, ? t, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Stank, 1999, Effect of service supplier performance on †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ satisfaction and loyalty of store managers in the fast food industry. Ketzenberg, 2000, Inventory policy for dense retail outlets. Metters, 2000, A typology of de-coupling strategies in mixed services. Miller, 2000, Service recovery. Sarkis, 2000, An analysis of the operational ef? ciency of major airports in the United States. Seung-Chul, 2000, Flexible bed allocation and performance in the intensive care unit. Verma, 2000, Con? gurations of low-contact services. Boone, 2001, The effect of information technology on learning in professional service organizations. Hays, 2001, A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality. McFadden, 2001, Operations safety. Meyer-Goldstein, 2001, An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria. Pullman, 2001, Service design and operations strategy formulation in multicultural markets. Boyer, 2002, E-services. Cook, 2002, Human issues in service design. Hill, 2002, Research opportunities in service process design. Li, 2002, The impact of strategic operations management decisions on community hospital performance. Menor, 2002, New service development. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The effect of location, strategy, and operations technology on hospital performance. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The service concept. Simons, 2002, A case study of batching in a mass service operation. Detert, 2003, The measurement of quality management culture in schools. Sa? zadeh, 2003, An empirical analysis of ? ancial services processes with a front-of? ce or back-of? ce orientation. Youngdahl, 2003, Revisiting customer participation in service encounters. Frohle, 2004, New measurement scales for evaluating perceptions of the technology-mediated customer service experience. Pagell, 2004, Assessing the impa ct of alternative manufacturing layouts in a service setting. Rabinovich, 2004, Physical distribution service quality in internet retailing: Service pricing, transaction attributes, and ? rm attributes. Stuart, 2004, Toward an integrative approach to designing service experiences. Sun, 2004, Assessing joint maintenance shops in the Taiwanese Army using data envelop analysis. Tucker, 2004, The impact of operational failures on hospital nurses and their patients. Zhao, 2004, Quality management and organizational context in selected service industries of China. Boyer, 2005, Extending the supply chain. Chesteen, 2005, Comparing quality of care in non-pro? t and for-pro? t nursing homes. Jambulingam, 2005, Entrepreneurial orientation as a basis for classi? cation within a service industry. 784 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Kimes, 2005, An evaluation of heuristic methods for determining the best table mix in full-service restaurants. Meyer-Goldstein, 2005, Linking publicness to operations management practices. Narasimhan, 2005, Ef? cient service location design in government services. Olson, 2005, Operational, economic and mission elements in not-for-pro? t organizations. Thirumalai, 2005, Customer satisfaction with order ful? llment in retail supply chains. Thompson, 2005, Using information on unconstrained student demand to improve university course schedules. Voss, 2005, Managerial choice and performance in service management. Wisner, 2005, The service volunteer–loyalty chain. Apte, 2006, Analysis and improvement of delivery operations at the San Francisco public library. Boyer, 2006, Customer behavioral intentions for online purchases. de Treville, 2006, Applying operations management logic and tools to save lives. Dilts, 2006, Impact of role in the decision to fail. Gowen, 2006, Exploring the ef? cacy of healthcare quality practices, employee commitment, and employee control. Hays, 2006, Service guarantee strength. Hume, 2006, Understanding the service experience in nonpro? t performing arts. Karwan, 2006, Integrating service design principles and information technology to improve delivery and productivity in public sector operations. Li, 2006, Hospital technology and nurse staf? ng management decisions. Sampson, 2006, Optimization of volunteer labor assignments. Simpson, 2006, Modeling of residential structure ? re response. Sulek, 2006, Measuring performance in multi-stage service operations. Verma, 2006, Using a market-utility-based approach to designing public services. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Management Science †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Batta, 1990, Covering-location models for emergency situation that require multiple response units. Bechtold, 1990, Implicit modeling of ? exible break assignments in optimal shift scheduling. Psaraftis, 1990, Routing and scheduling on a shoreline with release times. Abramson, 1991, Constructing school timetables using simulated annealing. Bard, 1991, Designing telecommunications networks for the reseller market. Domich, 1991, Locating tax facilities. Easton, 1991, Suf? cient working subsets for the tour scheduling problem. Jagannathan, 1991, Storing crossmatched blood. Lovell, 1991, The allocation of consumer incentives to meet simultaneous sales quotas. Mandell, 1991, Modeling effectiveness– equity trade-offs in public service delivery systems. Ray, 1991, Resource-use ef? ciency in public schools. Simms, 1991, An information processing model of a police organization. Gleeson, 1992, Renovation of public housing. Ho, 1992, Minimizing total cost in scheduling outpatient appointments. Rabinowitz, 1992, A nonlinear heuristic short-term model for hydroelectric energy production. Sherali, 1992, An integrated simulation and dynamic programming approach for determining optimal runway exit locations. Whitt, 1992, Understanding the ef? ciency of multi-server service systems. Grabowski, 1993, An expert system for maritime pilots. Graves, 1993, Flight crew scheduling. Hoffman, 1993, Solving airline crew scheduling problems by branch-and-cut. Moskowitz, 1993, A multistage screening model for evaluation and control of misclassi? cation error in the detection of hypertension. Brimberg, 1994, Economic development of groundwater in arid zones with applications to the Negev Desert, Israel. Jarrah, 1994, Equipment selection and machine scheduling in general mail facilities. Jarrah, 1994, Solving large-scale tour scheduling problems. Krass, 1994, A network model to maximize Navy personnel readiness and its solution. Lynch, 1994, Regulatory measurement and evaluation of telephone service quality. Apte, 1995, Global disaggregation of information-intensive services. Darr, 1995, The acquisition, transfer, and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations. Fladmoe-Lindquist, 1995, Control modes in international service operations. Kellogg, 1995, Constructing an empirically derived measure for customer contact. McLaughlin, 1995, Professional service organizations and focus. O’Kelley, 1995, Lower bounds for the hub location problem. Peterson, 1995, Models and algorithms for transient queuing congestions at airports. Roth, 1995, Strategic determinants of service quality and performance. Sampson, 1995, Increasing service levels in conference and educational scheduling. Sulek, 1995, The impact of a customer service intervention and facility design on ? rm performance. Swersey, 1995, An integer programming model for locating vehicle emissions testing stations. Thompson, 1995, Improved implicit optimal modeling of the labor shift scheduling problem. Ahn, 1996, Involving patients in the cadaveric kidney transplant allocation process. Dittus, 996, Medical resident work schedules. Gerchak, 1996, Reservation planning for elective surgery under uncertain demand for emergency surgery. Jacobs, 1996, Overlapping start-time bands in implicit tour scheduling. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operatio ns Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 785 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Archibald, 1997, An optimal policy for a two depot inventory problem with stock transfer. Desaulniers, 1997, Daily aircraft routing and scheduling. Eisenstein, 1997, Garbage collection in Chicago. Gavish, 1997, LEOS—Optimal satellite launch policies. Mukhopadhyay, 1997, Information technology impact on process output and quality. Sherali, 1997, Static and dynamic time-space strategic models and algorithms for multilevel rail-car ? eet management. Sueyoshi, 1997, Measuring ef? ciencies and returns to scale of Nippon Telegraph Telephone in production and cost analyses. Wilhelm, 1997, Prescribing tactical response for oil spill cleanup operations. Athanassopoulos, 1998, Decision support for target-based resource allocation of public services in multiunit and multilevel systems. Berk, 1998, The impact of discharge decisions on health care quality. Brusco, 1998, Personnel tour scheduling when startingtime restrictions are present. Gilbert, 1998, Incentive effects favor nonconsolidating queues in a service system. Laguna, 1998, Applying robust optimization to capacity expansion of one location in telecommunications with demand uncertainty. Lewis, 1998, Staf? ng and allocation of workers in an administrative of? ce. Lipscomb, 1998, Combining expert judgment by hierarchical modeling. Lobel, 1998, Vehicle scheduling in public transit and Lagrangean pricing. Mandelbaum, 1998, On pooling in queuing networks. Reddy, 1998, SPOT: Scheduling programs optimally for television. Shumsky, 1998, Optimal updating of forecasts for the timing of future events. Barnett, 1999, A â€Å"parallel approach† path to estimating collision risk during simultaneous landings. Campbell, 1999, Cross-utilization of workers whose capabilities differ. Frei, 1999, Process variation as a determinant of bank performance. Gardner, 1999, Planning electric power systems under demand uncertainty with different technology lead times. Gawande, 1999, Measures of effectiveness for governmental organizations. Grifell-Tatje, 1999, Pro? ts and productivity. Grosskophf, 1999, Anticipating the consequences of school reform. Krishnan, 1999, Customer satisfaction for ? nancial services. Myung, 1999, Design of communication networks with survivability constraints. Soteriou, 1999, Operations, quality, and pro? ability in the provision of banking services. van Ryzin, 1999, On the relationship between inventory costs and variety bene? ts in retail assortments. Whitt, 1999, Improving service by informing customers about anticipated delays. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whitt, 1999, Partitioning customers into service groups. Whitt, 1999, Predicting queuing delays. Ziarati, 1999, A branch-? rst, cut-second approach for locomotive assignment. Brusco, 2000, Optimal models for meal-break and starttime ? exibility in continuous tour scheduling. Johnson, 2000, Decision support for a housing mobility program using a multiobjective optimization model. Park, 2000, Telecommunication node clustering with node compatibility and network survivability requirements. Van Ryzin, 2000, Revenue management without forecasting or optimization. Zenios, 2000, Managing the delivery of dialysis therapy. Aksin, 2001, Modeling a phone center. Bonser, 2001, Procurement planning to maintain both short-term adaptiveness and long-term perspective. Fischetti, 2001, A polyhedral approach to simpli? ed crew scheduling and vehicle scheduling problems. Kara, 2001, The latest arrival hub location problem. Oliva, 2001, Cutting corners and working overtime. Pisano, 2001, Organizational differences in rates of learning. Stojkovic, 2001, An optimization model for the simultaneous operational ? ight and pilot scheduling problem. Lovejoy, 2002, Hospital operating room capacity expansion. Zenios, 2002, Optimal control of a paired-kidney exchange program. Zohar, 2002, Adaptive behavior of impatient customers in tele-queues. Boyd, 2003, Revenue management and e-commerce. Chao, 2003, Resource allocation in multisite service systems with intersite customer ? ows. Deshpande, 2003, A threshold inventory rationing policy for service-differentiated demand classes. Iyer, 2003, A postponement model for demand management. Alagoz, 2004, The optimal timing of living-donor liver transplantation. Avramidis, 2004, Modeling daily arrivals to a telephone call center. Berger, 2004, Long-distance access network design. Felici, 2004, A polyhedral approach for the staff rostering problem. Green, 2004, Improving emergency responsiveness with management science. Ho, 2004, Setting customer expectation in service delivery. Kim, 2004, Managing capacity through reward programs. Lira, 2004, Metaheuristics with local search techniques for retail shelf-space optimization. Sohoni, 2004, Long-range reserve crew manpower planning. Vickery, 2004, The performance implications of media richness in a business-to-business service environment. Whitt, 2004, Ef? ciency-driven heavy-traf? c approximations for many-server queues with abandonments. Aviv, 2005, A partially observed Markov decision process for dynamic pricing. Banker, 2005, Productivity change, technical progress, and relative ef? ciency change in the public accounting industry. 786 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bapna, 2005, Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Campbell, 2005, Hub arc location problems. Cook, 2005, Optimal allocation of proposals to reviewers to facilitate effective ranking. Craft, 2005, Analyzing bioterror response logistics. e Jong, 2005, Antecedents and consequences of group potency. G aur, 2005, An econometric analysis of inventory turnover performance in retail services. Kwasnica, 2005, A new and improved design for multiobject iterative auctions. Naveh, 2005, Treatment errors in healthcare. Netessine, 2005, Revenue management games. Reagans, 2005, Individual experience and experience working together. Terwiesch, 2005, Online haggling at a name-your-ownprice retailer. Wee, 2005, Optimal policies for transshipping inventory in a retail network. Whitt, 2005, Engineering solution of a basic call-center model. Zhao, 2005, Inventory sharing and rationing in decentralized dealer networks. Anderson, 2006, Measuring and mitigating the costs of stockouts. Ata, 2006, Dynamic control of an M/M/1 service system with adjustable arrival and service rates. Bernstein, 2006, Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes. Bolton, 2006, The effect of service experiences over time on a supplier’s retention of business customers. Czerwinski, 2006, Airlines as baseball players. Faraj, 2006, Coordination in fast-response organizations. Gaur, 2006, Assortment planning and inventory decisions under a locational choice model. Huckman, 2006, The ? rm speci? city of individual performance. Lapre, 2006, Organizational learning curves for customer dissatisfaction. Netessine, 2006, Supply chain choice on the internet. Sosic, 2006, Transshipment of inventories among retailers. Su, 2006, Recipient choice can address the ef? ciency-equity trade-off in kidney transplantation. Taylor, 2006, An empirical examination of the decision to invest in ful? llment capabilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Swami, 2001, Play it again, Sam? Optimal replacement policies for a motion picture exhibitor. Garnett, 2002, Designing a call center with impatient customers. Huchzermeier, 2002, The supply chain impact of smart customers in a promotional environment. Johnson, 2002, Performance analysis of split-case sorting systems. Gans, 2003, Telephone call centers. Barnhart, 2004, Airline schedule planning. Gallego, 2004, Revenue management of ? exible products. Gunes, 2004, Value creation in service delivery. Lariviere, 2004, Strategically seeking service. Su, 2004, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Cachon, 2005, Retail assortment planning in the presence of consumer search. Chen, 2005, Quantifying the value of lead time information in a single-location inventory system. Gaur, 2005, Hedging inventory risk through market investments. Harrison, 2005, A method for staf? ng large call centers based on stochastic ? uid models. Wallace, 2005, A staf? ng algorithm for call centers with skill-based routing. Caggiano, 2006, Integrated real-time capacity and inventory allocation for repairable service parts in a two-echelon supply system. Cooper, 2006, Stochastic comparisons in airline revenue management systems. Elhedhli, 2006, Service system design with immobile servers, stochastic demand, and congestion. Ferguson, 2006, Supply chain coordination for false failure returns. Schwarz, 2006, On the interactions between routing and inventory-management polices in a one-warehouse n-retailer distribution system. Whitt, 2006, The impact of increased employee retention on performance in a customer contact center. Operations Research †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Manufacturing Service Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Pinker, 2000, The ef? ciency– quality trade-off of crosstrained workers. So, 2000, Price and time competition for service delivery. Soteriou, 2000, A robust optimization approach for improving service quality. Cachon, 2001, Managing a retailer’s shelf space, inventory, and transportation. Fisher, 2001, Optimizing inventory replenishment of retail fashion products. Heim, 2001, Operational drivers of customer loyalty in electronic retailing. Menor, 2001, Agility in retail banking. †¢ †¢ Bartholdi, 1990, Scheduling interviews for a job fair. Berg, 1990, Customer delay in M/G/(in? nity) repair systems with spares. Brown, 1990, Annual scheduling of Atlantic ? eet naval combatants. Daduna, 1990, Exchangeable items in repair systems. Ferland, 1990, Decision support system for the school districting problem. Ford, 1990, Estimating the impact of ef? ciency standards on the uncertainty of the northwest electric system. Gopalan, 1990, Modeling equity of risk in transportation of hazardous materials. Hamblin, 1990, Optimizing simulation for policy analysis in a residential energy end-of-use model. Sherali, 1990, A two-phase decomposition approach for electric utility capacity expansion planning including nondispatchable technologies. Yamani, 1990, Single aircraft mid-air refueling using spherical distances. Altinkemer, 1991, Parallel savings based heuristics for the delivery problem. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 787 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hof, 1991, A multilevel analysis of production capabilities of the national forest system. Kent, 1991, Natural resource land management planning using large-scale linear programs. Kraay, 1991, Optimal pacing of trains in freight railroads. Kwun, 1991, Joint optimal planning of industrial congeneration and conventional electricity systems. Agnihothri, 1992, Performance evaluation of service territories. Avery, 1992, Optimization of purchase, storage, and transmission contracts for natural gas utilities. Hartley, 1992, Military operations research. Jack, 1992, Design and implementation of an interactive optimization system for telephone network planning. Klimberg, 1992, Improving the effectiveness of FDA drug inspection. Ng, 1992, A multicriteria optimization approach to aircraft loading. Oren, 1992, Design and management of curtailable electricity service to reduce annual peaks. Stroup, 1992, A fuel management model for the airline industry. Weatherford, 1992, A taxonomy and research overview of perishable-asset revenue management. Wollmer, 1992, An airline seat anagement model for a single leg routine when lower fare classes book ? rst. Ball, 1993, A reliability model applied to emergency service vehicle location. Berge, 1993, Demand driven dispatch. Bradley, 1993, Measuring performance in a multiproduct ? rm. Brumelle, 1993, Airline seat allocation with multiple nested fare classe s. Caulkins, 1993, Local drug markets’ response to focused police enforcement. Caulkins, 1993, The on-time machines. Fleurent, 1993, Allocating games for the NHL using integer programming. Franz, 1993, Scheduling medical residents to rotations. Martin, 1993, Design and implementation of an expert system for controlling health care costs. Rautman, 1993, Scheduling the disposal of nuclear waster material in a geologic repository using the transportation model. Soumis, 1993, A stochastic, multiclass airline network equilibrium model. Terrab, 1993, Strategic ? ow management for air traf? c control. Blanco, 1994, A sea story. Reisman, 1994, Operations research in libraries. Ringel, 1994, A stochastic analysis of state transitions in an air-space management system. Russell, 1994, Devising a cost effective schedule for a baseball league. Vranas, 1994, The multi-airport ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Weintraub, 1994, A heuristic system to solve mixed integer forest planning models. Barnhart, 1995, Deadhead selection for the long-haul crew pairing problem. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bitran, 1995, An application of yield management to the hotel industry considering multiple day stays. Brusco, 1995, Improving personnel scheduling at airline stations. Kaplan, 1995, Probability models of needle exchange. Keeney, 1995, Evaluating improvements in electric utility reliability at British Columbia hydro. Peterson, 1995, Decomposition algorithms for analyzing transient phenomena in multiclass queuing networks in air transportation. Richetta, 1995, Optimal algorithms and a remarkably ef? cient heuristic for the ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Robinson, 1995, Optimal and approximate control policies for airline booking with sequential nonmonotonic fare classes. Barnhart, 1996, Air network design for express shipment service. Bitran, 1996, Managing hotel reservations with uncertain arrivals. Eisenstein, 1996, Separating logistics ? ows in the Chicago public school system. Maclellan, 1996, Basing airtankers for forest ? re control in Ontario. Rosenthal, 1996, Optimizing ? ight operations for an aircraft carrier in transit. Thompson, 1996, DEA/assurance region SBDC ef? ciency and unique projections. Ahmadi, 1997, Managing capacity and ? ow at theme parks. Bevers, 1997, Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery. Bukiet, 1997, A Markov chain approach to baseball. Day, 1997, Flight attendant rostering for short-haul airline operations. Eppen, 1997, Improved fashion buying with Bayesian updates. Griggs, 1997, An air mission planning algorithm using decision analysis and mixed integer programming. Vance, 1997, Airline crew scheduling. Andreatta, 1998, Multiairport ground holding problem. Bertsimas, 1998, The air traf? c ? ow management problem with enroute capacities. Bixby, 1998, Solving a truck dispatching scheduling problem using branch-and-cut. Caprara, 1998, Modeling and solving the crew rostering problem. Chatwin, 1998, Multiperiod airline overbooking with a single fare class. Gopalan, 1998, The aircraft maintenance routing problem. Lederer, 1998, Airline network design. Mason, 1998, Integrated simulation, heuristic and optimisation approaches to staff scheduling. Nemhauser, 1998, Scheduling a major college basketball conference. Savelsbergh, 1998, Drive: Dynamic routing of independent vehicles. Gamachea, 1999, A column generation approach for largescale aircrew rostering problems. Hobbs, 1999, Stochastic programming-based bounding of 788 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ expected production costs for multiarea electric power systems. Keeney, 1999, Identifying and structuring values to guide integrated resource planning at BC Gas. Mingozzi, 1999, A set partitioning approach to the crew scheduling problem. Murty, 1999, The U. S. Army National Guard’s mobile training simulators location and routing problem. Barnett, 2000, Free-? ight and en route air safety. Barnhart, 2000, Railroad blocking. Bashyam, 2000, Service design and price competition in business information services. Feng, 2000, Optimal policies of yield management with multiple predetermined prices. Haight, 2000, An integer optimization approach to a probabilistic reserve site selection problem. Hoffman, 2000, A comparison of formulations for the single-airport ground-holding problem with banking constraints. Smith, 2000, Management of multi-item retail inventory systems with demand substitution. Van Slyke, 2000, Finite horizon stochastic knapsacks with applications to yield management. Zenios, 2000, Dynamic allocation of kidneys to candidates on the transplant waiting list. Barnett, 2001, Safe at home? Cai, 2001, Solving large nonconvex water resources management models using generalized benders decomposition. Cordeau, 2001, Simultaneous assignment of locomotives and cars to passenger trains. Feng, 2001, A dynamic airline seat inventory control model and its optimal policy. Henz, 2001, Scheduling a major college basketball conference—Revisited. Baker, 2002, Optimizing military aircraft. Camm, 2002, Nature reserve site selection to maximize expected species covered. Caprara, 2002, Modeling and solving the train timetabling problem. Cooper, 2002, Asymptotic behavior of an allocation policy for revenue management. Cooper, 2002, An illustrative application of IDEA (imprecise data envelopment analysis) to a Korean telecommunication company. Gans, 2002, Managing learning and turnover in employee staf? ng. Netessine, 2002, Flexible service capacity. Powell, 2002, Implementing real-time optimization models. Bertsimas, 2003, Restaurant revenue management. Brumelle, 2003, Dynamic airline revenue management with multiple semi-Markov demand. Cohn, 2003, Improving crew scheduling by incorporating key maintenance routing decisions. Deshpande, 2003, An empirical study of service differentiation from weapon system service parts. Erhun, 2003, Enterprise-wide optimization of total landed cost at a grocery retailer. Rajaram, 2003, Flow management to optimize retail pro? ts at theme parks. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Armony, 2004, Contact centers with a call-back option and real-time delay information. Armony, 2004, On customer contact centers with a callback option. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercials on broadcast television. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercial videotapes in broadcast television. Borst, 2004, Dimensioning large call centers. Cappanera, 2004, A multicommodity ? ow approach to the crew rostering problem. Gaur, 2004, A periodic inventory routing problem at a supermarket chain. Hamacher, 2004, Design of zone tariff systems in public transportation. Karaesmen, 2004, Overbooking with substitutable inventory classes. Qi, 2004, Class scheduling for pilot training. Zhu, 2004, Imprecise DEA via standard linear DEA models with a revisit to Korean mobile telecommunication company. Armstrong, 2005, A stochastic salvo model for naval surface combat. Ata, 2005, Dynamic power control in a wireless static channel subject to a quality-of-service constraint. Bertsimas, 2005, Simulation based booking limits for airline revenue management. Brown, 2005, A two-sided optimization for theater ballistic missile defense. Chardaire, 2005, Solving a time-space network formulation for the convoy movement problem. Dasci, 2005, A continuous model for multistore competitive location. De Vericourt, 2005, Managing response time in a callrouting problem with service failure. Holder, 2005, Navy personnel planning and the optimal partition. Jahn, 2005, System-optimal routing of traf? c ? ows with user constraints in networks with congestion. Maglaras, 2005, Pricing and design of differentiated services. Savin, 2005, Capacity management in rental businesses with two customer bases. Shu, 2005, Stochastic transportation-inventory network design problem. Su, 2005, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Wu, 2005, Optimization of in? uenza vaccine selection. Yang, 2005, A multiperiod dynamic model of taxi services with endogenous service intensity. Zhang, 2005, Revenue management for parallel ? ights with customer-choice behavior. Agur, 2006, Optimizing chemotherapy scheduling using local search heuristics. Bassamboo, 2006, Design and control of a large call center. Cook, 2006, Incorporating multiprocess performance standards into the DEA framework. Cordeau, 2006, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the diala-ride problem. Dawande, 2006, Effective heuristics for multiproduct partial shipment models. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ 789 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deshpande, 2006, Ef? cient supply chain management at the U. S. Coast Guard using part-age dependent supply replenishment policies. Fry, 2006, Fire? ghter staf? ng including temporary absences and wastage. Ghiani, 2006, The black and white traveling salesman problem. Green, 2006, Managing patient service in a diagnostic medical facility. Mannino, 2006, The network packing problem in terrestrial broadcasting. Marcus, 2006, Online low price guarantees. Marklund, 2006, Controlling inventories in divergent supply chains with advance-order information. Netessine, 2006, Revenue management through dynamic cross selling in e-commerce retailing. Perakis, 2006, An analytical model for traf? c delays and the dynamic user equilibrium problem. Romeijn, 2006, A new linear programming approach to radiation therapy treatment planning problems. Washburn, 2006, Piled-slab searches. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Production and Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Easton, 1992, Analysis of alternative scheduling policies for hospital nurses. Ernst, 1992, Coordination alternatives in a manufacturing/dealer inventory system under stochastic demand. Schneeweiss, 1992, Planning and scheduling the repair shops of the Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Rajagopalan, 1993, Allocating and scheduling mobile diagnostic imaging equipment among hospitals. Malhotra, 1994, Scheduling ? exibility in the service sector. Sainfort, 1994, A pavement management decision support system. Cox, 1995, A new learning approach to process improvement in a telecommunications company. Roth, 1995, Hospital resource planning. Schneider, 1995, Power approximations for a two-echelon inventory system using service levels. Chase, 1996, The mall is my factory. Crandall, 1996, Demand management. Joglekar, 1996, A pro? t maximization model for a retailer’s stocking decisions on products subject to sudden obsolescence. Cachon, 1996, Campbell soup’s continuous replenishment program. Clark, 1997, Reengineering channel reordering processes to improve total supply-chain performance. Harvey, 1998, Building the service operations course around a ? eld project. Kolesar, 1998, Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang’s delay formula. Lee, 1998, Effects of integrating order/backorder quantity and pricing decisions. Boronico, 1999, Reliability-constrained pricing, capacity, and quality. Cheng, 1999, Optimality of state dependent (s,S) policies in inventory models with Markov demand and lost sales. Cook, 1999, Service typologies. Dasu, 1999, A dynamic process model of dissatisfaction for unfavorable non-routine service encounters. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dube, 1999, Adapting the QFD approach to extended service transactions. Hays, 1999, The market share impact of service failures. Kapalka, 1999, Retail inventory control with lost sales, service constraints, and factional lead times. Metters, 1999, Measurement of multiple sites in service ? rms with data envelopment analysis. Nie, 1999, How professors of operations management view service operations. Soteriou, 1999, Resource allocation to improve service quality perceptions in multistage service systems. Stewart, 1999, The impact of human error on delivering service quality. Anderson, 2000, A simulation game for teaching servicesoriented supply chain management. Petersen, 2000, An evaluation of order picking policies for mail order companies. Chaouch, 2001, Stock levels and delivery rates in vendormanaged inventory programs. Devaraj, 2001, Product and service quality. Hays, 2001, A longitudinal study of the effect of a service guarantee on service quality. Van Woensel, 2001, Managing the environmental externalities of traf? c logistics. Agrawal, 2002, Multi-vendor sourcing in a retail supply chain. Boyer, 2002, Drivers of Internet purchasing success. Heim, 2002, Service process con? gurations in electronic retailing. Tagaras, 2002, Effectiveness of stock transshipment under various demand distributions and nonnegligible transshipment times. Akkermans, 2003, Ampli? cation in service supply chains. Alfaro, 2003, The value of sku rationalization in practice. Athanassopoulos, 2003, Modeling customer satisfaction in telecommunications. Baker, 2003, The bene? ts of optimizing prices to manage demand in hotel revenue management systems. Cayirli, 2003, Outpatient scheduling in health care. Giloni, 2003, Service system design for the property and casualty insurance industry. Goodale, 2003, A market utility-based model for capacity scheduling in mass services. Green, 2003, An improved heuristic for staf? ng telephone call centers with limited operating hours. Kassinis, 2003, Greening the service pro? t chain. Keizers, 2003, Diagnosing order planning performance at a Navy maintenance and repair organization using logistic regression. Meyer-Goldstein, 2003, Employee development. Mondschein, 2003, Appointment policies in service operations. Roth, 2003, Insights into service operations management. Stewart, 2003, Piecing together service quality. Boyaci, 2004, Supply chain coordination in a market with customer service competition. Craighead, 2004, The effects of severity of failure and customer loyalty on service recovery strategies. Field, 2004, Managing quality in the e-service system. Gavish, 2004, Dynamic policies for optimal LEO satellite launches. 790 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hur, 2004, Real-time work schedule adjustment decisions. Jack, 2004, Volume ? exible strategies in health services. Lapre, 2004, Performance improvement paths in the U. S. airline industry. Napoleon, 2004, The creation of output and quality in services. Sampson, 2004, Practical implications of preference-based conference scheduling. Tsay, 2004, Channel con? ict and coordination in the ecommerce age. Tsikriktsis, 2004, Adoption of e-processes by service ? rms. Chakravarthy, 2005, Optimal workforce mix in service systems with two types of customers. Gaur, 2005, In-store experiments to determine the impact of price on sales. Miller, 2005, A learning real options framework with application to process design and capacity planning. Anderson, 2006, Stochastic optimal control for staf? ng and backlog policies in a two-stage customized service supply chain. Berling, 2006, Heuristic coordination of decentralized inventory systems using induced backorder costs. Boyer, 2006, Analysis of effects of operational execution on repeat purchasing heterogeneous customer segments. Chambers, 2006, Modeling and managing the percentage of satis? ed customers in hidden and revealed waiting line systems. Ferguson, 2006, Information sharing to improve retail product freshness of perishables. Hays, 2006, An extended longitudinal study of the effects of a service guarantee. Rajamani, 2006, A framework to analyze cash supply chains. Sampson, 2006, Foundations and implications of a proposed uni? ed services theory. Whitt, 2006, Staf? ng a call center with uncertain arrival rate and absenteeism. References Gupta, S. , R. Verma, L. Victorino. 2006. Empirical research published in Production and Operations Management (1992–2005): Trends and Future Research Directions. Production and Operations Management 15(3) 432– 448. Karmarkar, U. 2004. Will you survive the services revolution? Harvard Business Review 82(6) 100 –107. Pannirselvam, G. P. , L. A. Ferguson, R. C. 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