The Life of Jonathan Edwards Essay Example for Free

The Life of Jonathan Edwards Essay Freedom Baptist Theological Seminary The Life of Jonathan Edwards A Paper Submitted to Dr. Gregory Tomlin In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course American Christianity CHHI 692 Table of Contents Abstract3 Biographical Outline4-5 Survey of Edwards Life5-18 Work Written By Jonathan Edwards19-20 Bibliography21-22 Abstract Through out Jonathan Edwards’ life he concentrated on lecturing and communicating his perspectives and sentiments on how individuals should live their lives and practice the confidence. He was extremely persuasive in the primary extraordinary arousing. He additionally gave different messages and composed various books and papers (that impacted numerous future individuals and associations) on the most proficient method to live and venerate God. Personal Outline Jonathan Edwards was conceived on October 5, 1703, in Connecticut. There he imparted a real existence to his dad (Timothy Edwards, who was a priest in East Windsor, Connecticut), his mom (Esther Stoddard, the little girl of Rev. Solomon Stoddard), and ten sisters. His folks ensured that their youngsters were raised to know God on an individual level. In the wake of finishing his home examinations (with his folks), Edwards chose (at the youthful age of 13) to proceed with his instruction by going to Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, where he considered heavenliness. He concentrated there taking a shot at his B. D. for a long time. After his graduation, he chose to center his insight in the territories religious philosophy. Subsequent to lecturing at a Presbyterian church in New York City for not exactly a year, he chose to come back to school (Yale) to get his M. A. degree. On fruition of his tutoring, he joined his granddad as a partner minister at Northampton. In July of 1727 he wedded Sarah Pierpont, and throughout the years they had eleven kids. In the early piece of their marriage, Edwards’ granddad kicked the bucket, and he needed to assume the assignment of lecturing, alone. This occasion started his life as a genuine evangelist. All through an incredible remainder he concentrated on lecturing and communicating his perspectives and emotions on how individuals should live their lives and practice the confidence. He was compelling in the principal extraordinary arousing. He gave different messages and composed numerous books and expositions on the most proficient method to live and adore God. Edwards was known for his perspectives on ladies. During his time numerous individuals felt ladies should center their life in the family unit, yet Edwards felt that they were equivalent to men, and could likewise hold significant situations throughout everyday life. This could be lecturing the gospel to other people and additionally clarifying the interests or potentially disclosures of science (which he likewise delighted in). For an incredible duration he delighted in training of himself, yet additionally the entirety of the individuals around him. Study of Edwards’ Life Edwards’ Early Years Jonathan Edwards was conceived on October 5, 1703, in East Windsor, Connecticut. He was destined to two guardians, who were firm adherents of God and His capacity, Timothy Edwards and Ester Stoddard. Edwards father, Timothy Edwards, was a minister of a congregation their in East Windsor, Connecticut, and his mom, Esther Stoddard, was the little girl of Solomon Stoddard (a minister of the congregation in Northampton, Massachusetts). Edwards’ guardians were honored with 11 kids. Among those eleven youngsters, he was the main kid (so he likely had a ton to live up as well). His folks, who experienced childhood in the Puritan age, raised him and his kin in a Puritan air and childhood. They were self-taught, while being shown the significance of placing the entirety of your confidence into the Lord. After his tutoring, at home, was finished, Edwards chose to proceed with his instruction by going to Yale College (in New Haven, Connecticut). While he was there he examined different subjects, including science, godlikeness, and religious philosophy, giving him a balanced and target training. During his investigations he figured out how to discover additional opportunity to compose different interesting papers. He graduated in September 1720, as the valedictorian of his group, with a degree in godlikeness. When Edwards finished his school learns at Yale College, he chose to evaluate lecturing. He started his excursion at a little Presbyterian church in New York City. There he was a minister. He remained there for nearly 12 months. At that point chose to leave for more instruction. He came back to Yale to mentor others and to proceed with his training. In mid 1727 Edwards chose to join his granddad at his congregation (Northampton). There he held the situation of collaborator serve. Since he was as yet thought to be an understudy serve, between his time serving, he would invest his additional energy contemplating and expanding his insight. Likewise during that year Edwards chose to wed his affection, Sarah. She was the little girl of the organizer of Yale College. In spite of the fact that she was youthful (the minor age of seventeen), she was dedicated to her profound love for God. She was really a motivation for Edwards and had been since she was 13 years of age. All through their marriage she was a superb spouse and companion. She ensured her better half and their eleven kids were dealt with inside and out. She was a genuine good example to her youngsters and her significant other. In 1729, right on time inside the year, Edwards’ granddad (Solomon Stoddard) passed on. Upon is passing, Edwards was left with the immense undertaking of assuming the service of his grandfather’s church (Northampton) all by his self. This congregation was a notable and gone to chapel, and was one of the biggest in the territory. Edwards and The Great Awakening In 1731 Edwards composed, lectured, and distributed one of his ac claimed messages. He shared his message, which was called God Glorified †In Man’s Dependence, with the individuals of Boston. This lesson rotated around the subject of Arminianism (stereological imagined that includes the Protestant Community, which depends on Dutch Reformed scholar, Jacobus Arminius). Edwards’ fundamental concentration with this lesson was to tell individuals that God gave them the intensity of confidence to help lead them to salvation. In1733 a recovery started in that spot at Edwards’ church (Northampton). By the spring of the following year the recovery arrived at tremendous statures. Inside a half year of the revival’s starting, about 300 individuals had gone to the congregation to take an interest. The expanded movement there at the congregation likewise allowed him the thought and the chance to consider the procedure of transformation (which he archived in his article, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the change of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton). In the long run the whole recovery was archived (by Edwards) through numerous articles, which Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners turned into the best. Constantly of 1735, the restoration that started with Edwards’ church had extended. The recovery had gone from the grounds of Northampton to New Jersey. With the extension of the recovery, the quantities of cynics developed. There were numerous individuals all through New England who questioned Edwards’ earnestness of God’s Words, and felt that he was driving his run of devotees (new and old) to extreme perdition. These questions got so incredible that a few people wanted to end it all (with a couple really finishing the demonstration). These demonstrations and sentiment of self destruction at last finished this restoration. Discussion of the restoration spread right to England and Scotland. Individuals in different nations (across oceans) knew about what was happening in America, and they were interested. One individual, specifically, who got inspired by Northampton and Edwards, was George Whitefield. He was an Anglican Protestant priest, who in the long run helped spread the Great Awakening to Britain. In 1739 Whitefield headed out to the Thirteen Colonies (the underlying British states set up, between the hour of 1607 to 1733, on the Atlantic Coast of North America) on a restoration visit. While he was visiting he met Edwards’ colleague. While in America he lectured at Edwards’ church. The message was so contacting (as he helped Edwards and his assembly to remember the motivation behind the restoration that had happened before) that a large portion of the gathering cried (alongside Edwards) as Whitefield talked. The message was motivating to the point that the restoration returned to life. Individuals recall what the general purpose to the recovery was, an opportunity to carry individuals to God. The message likewise roused Edwards. This was during the time that he lectured the lesson the made him known. In 1741 Edwards went to Enfield, Connecticut, and lectured his renowned message, Sinners in the possession of an Angry God. In this lesson he helped individuals to remember Hell (through striking symbolism and sacred writing). He felt this was what the individuals expected to return them to the way of honesty. In spite of the fact that there were numerous individuals who Edwards took back to the restoration, there were still some who were cautious of the development. A portion of these individuals comprised of traditionalist Congregationalist clergymen. These pastors were suspicious for different reasons, one specifically were the activities that devoured individuals during the development. A portion of these activities comprised of yapping, shouting out, hollering, body developments, and so forth. In the movement’s barrier, Edwards distributed a work called The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God. In his work he expressed the responses of these individuals were not somehow the activities of God. Soon after distributing this work he distributed two or three apologizes expressing that he was off base and that the perfect appearance assumes control over the body (in the composing Thoughts on the Revival in New England). These new perspectives came to some degree from the activities of his better half during the development. Despite Edwards’ words on body developments and change individuals paid heed such that the gospel appeared to have on the individuals who partook in these recoveries. The individuals who were advancing The Great Awaking accepting the body developments as obvious responses to change. Despite the fact that numerous individuals had taken Edwards’ word

Re-Thinking Big Box Stores free essay sample

Reevaluating Big-Box Stores In her article Big Box Stores Are Bad for Main Street, Betsy Taylor centers not around the financial impacts of huge chain stores yet on the impacts these stores have on the spirit of America. She contends that stores like Home Depot, Target, and Wal-Mart are terrible for America since they coax individuals out of downtown shopping regions and cause them to concentrate solely on utilization. Interestingly, she accepts that private ventures are useful for America since they give individual consideration, encourage network Interaction, and make every city one of a kind. Yet, Taylors contention is at last unconvincing on the grounds that It depends on nostalgia† on Idealized mages of an interesting Maln Street†rather than on the jobs that organizations play In purchasers lives and networks. By Ignoring the more unpredictable, financially determined connections between enormous chain stores and their networks, Taylor Incorrectly accept that basically disposing of huge box stores would have a posltlve impact on Americas people group. We will compose a custom paper test on Reconsidering Big Box Stores or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Taylors utilization of brilliant language uncovers that she has a nostalgic perspective on American culture and doesn't comprehend financial real factors. In her first passage, Taylor alludes to a major box store as a 25-section of land piece of cement with a 100,000 square foot box of stuff that lands on a town, inspiring pictures of a solid beast smashing the American lifestyle (1011). In any case, her Sanchez 1 Opening summa-rizes the articles reason and proposition. Proposition communicates Sanchezs judgment of Taylors article. Signal expression introduction duces citations from the source; Sanchez utilizes a MLA in-content reference. Minor comments show MLA-style organizing and viable composition. Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007). This paper has been refreshed to follow the style rules in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, seventh ed. (2009). Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007). appraisal misrepresents a perplexing issue. Taylor doesn't consider that numerous midtown business areas bombed some time before chain stores moved in, when manufacturing plants and factories shut and laborers lost their Jobs. In urban communities with battling economies, huge box stores can really give truly necessary Jobs. Essentially, while Taylor accuses huge box stores for hurting nearby economies by requesting tax reductions, free streets, and different advantages, she doesnt cknowledge that these stores likewise go into monetary associations with the encompassing networks by offering budgetary advantages to schools and emergency clinics. Taylors presumption that shopping In independent ventures Is in every case better for the client additionally appears to be driven by sentimentality for a good old Maln Street as opposed to by the realities. While she might be correct that numerous independent companies offer individual help and are receptive to client grumblings, she doesn't consider that numerous clients value the administration at huge box stores. Similarly as client assistance Is preferable t some independent ventures over at others, It Is Impossible to make speculations regarding administration at all large box stores. For instance, clients rely upon the permissive return pollcles and the wide assortment of items at stores Ilke Target and Home Depot. Taylor accuses enormous box stores for empowering American hyper-commercialization, yet she distorts by comparing huge box stores with terrible qualities and private ventures with real factors of American culture today. Large box stores don't compel Americans to purchase more. By offering lower costs in an advantageous setting, be that as it may, they permit buyers to spare time and buy

Part 43 And Its Managerial Implications Essays - Free Essays

Section 43 And Its Managerial Implications Essays - Free Essays Section 43 And Its Managerial Implications Section 43 and It's Managerial Implications At the point when we talk about avionics upkeep, we discuss fixes, changes and the demonstration of saving an airplane in its unique airworthy condition. An airworthiness declaration is given to an airplane after innumerable long stretches of configuration, research and testing. Furthermore, so as to keep this authentication legitimate; an airplane must be kept up as per a specific particular. These particulars are brought to us by the Federal Aviation Administration. The Federal Aviation Regulation part that illuminates these principles is found to a limited extent 43. These demonstrations are performed to forestall mischief to pilots, travelers, and even guiltless spectator that may get engaged with an episode because of inappropriate support. As upkeep administrators, we should comprehend these suggestions that must be followed, so we may guarantee that our office is performing to the norms set upon us by the FAA. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 took into consideration the guideline of air trade in such way as to best advance its turn of events and wellbeing (Adamski and Doyle 4-8). This achieved a rulemaking procedure to protect that all parts of flying could be controlled in a manner as to give most extreme wellbeing to all. This was the underlying birth of 14 CFR 43, or Part 43 of the FAR's which is incidentally titled Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration (Federal Aviation Regulations [FAR], VII, 1997). This part has been fundamentally composed for people or fix offices that might be playing out a type of support, preventive upkeep, remaking and additionally adjustments. It alludes to various qualified people that incorporate holders of specialist, repairman, air bearer, or even a pilot's declaration, that may play out a variety of the methods recorded in this part. So regardless of anything else, we as support directors must know and live by a wide margin prt. 4 3 all together for our representatives to work and act in a lawful and safe house. As the title suggests, this piece of the Federal Aviation Regulations endorses rules of overseeing the support, preventive upkeep, remaking, and modification of any airplane having a U.S. airworthiness endorsement; any outside enlisted airplane used to convey mail under pt.121, 127 or 135; and airframe, airplane motors, propellers, apparatuses, and parts of such airplane. This is selective of airplane holding a test airworthiness authentication, except if the airplane was recently given an alternate sort of endorsement (FAR, 1998, p.11). So on the off chance that we were filling in as a supervisor in the U.S., this part would apply to our office, which fixes and keeps up airplane found in this class. Section 43 additionally distinguishes people that are approved to perform and restore an airplane, airframe, airplane motors, propellers, machines, or segment parts for come back to support after upkeep, preventive support, remaking, or change. The endorsement for come back to administration will be made as per FAR 43.9(a)(5). A&P mechanics are approved to direct and endorse for come back to support airplane examined as per the proprietor or administrator's program under various choices. It very well may be done under execution rules for review to which decides if an airplane meets all prerequisites for airworthiness. Or on the other hand by an investigation program under FAR 43 App. D. All work must be done as per airworthiness impediments (King 38). This implies a supervisor must realize who is playing out the endorsed work in his shop, and ensure that any work finished is done in a particular, affirmed design. A supervisor must recognize what kinds of examinations are being performed to airplane in his/her shop. People holding the properly evaluated endorsement can just play out those assessments in which they are permitted to do. Administrators must be completely mindful of what part of the FAR's their shop is performing reviews under. Various pieces of the guideline expect adherence to explicit principles found, yet not explicit to Part 43. In the event that an airplane comes in for a yearly review, the administrator must have an IA accessible to do the assessment, yet in the event that the examination is a 100-hour, an ensured specialist is just required so as to restore the airplane to support. A supervisor must understand that somebody not affirmed can't work under an ensured specialist while doing a

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Research Project Essay and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Research Project Essay and How to Avoid It Choosing Good Research Project Essay In your family members, you may want to learn about various topics that you've learned about in school or in the newspaper. Students should cooperate with their mentors early on to ascertain the proper nature and range of their research. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Of course, when you're researching an issue which affects another nation, you ought to be looking at that nation's major news site. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting th e very best service our company may deliver. Instead of simply visiting the computer to type in the questions you believe you have to answer or employing the very first search result you find as the answer, now is the time to start looking into what other approaches you're able to start to investigate the questions that pop up. Even now, in the fields of company and science, it's still true that you have to earn project proposals. When it is for some post-graduate class, it is simple to double that. Finally, mention how long you will take to finish the research. If you're involved in local organizations, having the ability to research your requirements ahead of time is a significant approach to make certain you are prepared for meetings, discussions, and more. As you start to narrow off your project idea, you are going to need to think about the increased context of your AP Research course. Therefore, there aren't any particular topics that College Board prohibits when they 're researched academically. Such projects do not need review by the Board. Students engaged in the procedure for learning research techniques understandably wish to concentrate on compelling or real-life problems. The tips below can help you produce the sort of essays that will persuade a selection committee they want to interview you or give you a fellowship. It's necessary to get started preparing narrative and research essays ahead of time, preferably on the identical day it was assigned! Our research paper outline templates will allow you to save a lot of time and money. Nowadays you've written up your research paper, you will need to do a small editing and proofreading to guarantee the finished product achieves the grade you're searching for. Nowadays you have the hottest books for your research paper, you want to get started searching for journals. Secondly, in addition, it is vital to begin on writing new research papers when well-rested and in an excellent spirit. Generally speaking, students don't like writing research papers, especially if they're quite long. Otherwise, maybe you've just provided a summary rather than creating an argument. The project gives you the ability to investigate an element of writing in-depth and synthesize what you've learned. You can also lack enough knowledge on the subject, or you aren't good in the usage of English language for writing essays. An efficient and highly-usable proposal template utilized for a project is one that's well-curated. The advantages of Good Research Whether you will need to do res earch for a course or for another type of assignment, there are a number of benefits of using as many research tools as you are able to. Your research is like your idea. Project research won't only enable you to better understand your project and potential outcomes. Normally, the more research which you have, the better prepared you'll be. The Argument About Research Project Essay The cognitive development is often called the absolute most important milestones, since the child in many cases starts asking lots of questions. Qualitative research is a powerful way to comprehend and learn more about the meaning ascribed to a specific issue. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. If you must provide a presentation on the job, having done some simple research will permit you to present your facts without worrying about their validity. The Advantages of Research Project Essay Instinctively you might think that the pr incipal data will supply the most intriguing results. To help filter the information which you have found for your research paper, you are likely to need to rate its quality. Utilizing basic research methods can help you not only locate the info you require, but in addition find information you can trust. Then it states the purpose, hypothesis, an overview of the methodology, and the rest of the necessary parameters connected with it. In such case you will take advantage of a few savvy hints created to tailor your research paper writing skills near perfection. Your attitude to the topic may well decide on the amount of work and enthusiasm that you put into your research. Don't forget that changing components of your work in the practice of writing and reviewing is normal. If you interview in person, it's a very good concept to tape-record the interview, should they say it's okay. The Appeal of Research Project Essay You will locate your work more engaging, exciting, and w orthwhile if you decide on a topic you want to find out more about. It is possible to say several things about the subject, but everything you say will be at a really basic or survey level. The very first step you will want to assume is that your topic will probably be too broad, in other words, it will ask you to deal with an excessive amount of information for a single essay. After you've already decided what topic you'll be writing about, the following thing you ought to pay attention to is the reach of your paper or what you are going to be including in your discussion. What Research Project Essay Is - and What it Is Not You may want to explain the maturation of the matter and how particular matters have arisen. The use of project proposals aren't restricted to a single industry. A research proposal should begin with the definition of the issue. If, by way of example, you're addressing only academics in your precise field, you can be very specific about your field of stu dy and assume a high amount of present knowledge.

Child Development Through Parental Training - 803 Words

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The optimal development of children is considered vital to society and so it is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of children. Increased research and interest in this field has resulted in new theories and strategies, with specific regard to practice that promotes development within the school system. In addition there are also some theories that seek to describe a sequence of states that compose child development. Theories Ecological systems theory Also calledShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Parental Substance Use Disorder On Childhood Development1565 Words   |  7 Pages The Impact of Parental Substance Use Disorder on Childhood Development Kemeshia N. Maith Morgan State University The Impact of Parental Substance Abuse on Childhood Development Substance abuse disorders are significant public health concerns and rank among the most common psychiatric disorders beginning in young adulthood. 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Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response in Schools

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The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay Example For Students

The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay The Role of Participation in BudgetingIntroductionAlthough participation in budgeting may enforce the managerial performance, it has constrains and can cause some problems as well. This article analyses the possible advantages and limitations of the role of participation in budget setting. In the next section, the possible merits of budgetary participation are demonstrated. This is followed by a section that explains the equivocation existing in the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. Then, in the following section, some negative effects on the application of participation in budgeting progress are illustrated. The final section is the conclusion of the study. The Possible Advantages of Budgetary ParticipationAccording to the definition of budgeting, it is the estimation of all income and expenses for an accounting period or financial forecasting, planning, and controlling. (http://www.yourwebassistant.net/glossary/b11.htm#budgeting) Comparing the budget with the real achievement of the company, it is possible to improve the decision-making process for the future development of the enterprise. So budgeting takes a crucial role in management accounting. Therefore, studying how to make budget setting more effective is important for the benefit of the enterprise. Participation in budgeting is one of the useful approaches. It bears some possible advantages, which may enhance managers commitment to budget objectives. The following discussion (adapted from Lecture notes by Professor S. G. Ogden, 2004) bears the assumption that there is positive relationship between participation and performance. The contradictions will be discussed later in the following sections. First of all, participation in budget setting can inspire the enthusiasm of the managers. Then they will intend to input more energy and time into the work to meet the budget targets. Because if they are involved in the process of budget setting, they will link it with their own knowledge, experience, and so on to make the judgment. This linkage renders the target of the company to be the participators personal target. Secondly, participation may encourage the creation of the participators. Creation is the characteristic of human beings. However, not everybody at any time has the motivation to create. When the budget is settled, and what the managers and employees have to do is just to meet the budget, they will not care about how to improve the budget, but just focus on how to achieve the seemly pleasing result. Thirdly, participation in budgeting could improve the communication between the budgetary setters and the participators. In fact, no matter to what extent employees involved into participation, there should be somebody to make the last decision. Then what is the meaning of participation? The answer is better communication. Application of budgetary participation could make the thoughts of the employees and junior managers upward to the budget setters, and at the same time, the aim of the budgeting is passed to the participators. The involvement makes the participators understand more about the holistic blueprint of the company, not just the plan for oneself, and at the same time, renders the budget setters realize the difficulties for the participators to accomplish the budget objectives. It is good for the harmonious development among different departments, associates and subsidiaries of the whole company. Otherwise, the unbalanced growth is not beneficial for the enterprise in the long run. Fourthly, budgetary participation will make the budget more appropriate, namely, achievable. Sometimes, the budget is disappointing for employees and managers, as they are too hard to accomplish. This can cause negative effects on the performance. If people think that it is impossible to achieve the budget on time, they will either reduce the quality of the work to just meet the measurement criteria of the performance or do things even more slowly as if there is no budget at all. Both of the responses are harmful to the company. However, when the participators join in the progress of budget setting, they can negotiate with the foreman to get the suitable budget targets. Anyway, only the employees and managers are familiar with their production capacities, and hence their suggestions appear to be more applicable for their specific situations. There are some empirical evidences to support the argument above, such as Bass Leavitt (1963) and Brownell (1982) according to Chenhall and Brownell (1988). However, the participation in budget setting seems to cause as many problems as it does for solutions. The problems will be discussed in the following section. The Equivocation of the Relationship of Budgetary Participation and PerformanceIn the last part, it is discussed the possible advantages of participation in budget setting. The reason why it is possible is that, according to the previous theoretical and empirical studies, the relationship between the budgetary participation and the managerial performance is ambiguous. Does budgetary participation really improve the performance? Or are they negatively related? Is it possible that there is no significant relationship between these two terms? There is no consensus on this issue, as there are empirical evidences supporting every perspective. Different researches reached different results. In the article by Chenhall and Brownell (1988), results range from strong positive effects of participation on performance (Bass Leavitt, 1963; Brownell, 1982), to unclear or insignificant effects (Milani, 1975; Kenis, 1979), to even negative effects (Bryan Locke, 1967; Stedry, 1960).( Chenhall and Br ownell, 1988, pp. 225.)Two possible explanations for these inconsistent findings are provided as follows. On the one hand, the effectiveness of participation may relate to the specific circumstances. (Milani, 1975; Chenhall and Brownell, 1988) Different national cultures, different environments of the firms, different positions of the participators in the specific companies, and so on, all kinds of variables (contingency variables) are inclined to affect the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. That is why under certain circumstances, the participations effect on the outcome is positive, while under other circumstances is negative. So the failure to carefully account for the circumstances in which participation works, versus those when it does not, would explain the variety of results. (Chenhall and Brownell. 1988. pp. 225.) This view is regarded as the contingency model view. One example is the field study by Milani (1975). His study used the sample of the lowest level foremen at the plant in a large international producer of heavy equipment. His result was that budget-setting participation related well with attitudes toward the job and the company, but the relationship with performance is, at best weakly supported. (ibid. pp. 282.) So no answer was given whether participation or nonparticipation should be adopted in the budget setting. One possible reason of the ambiguous result is the lack of control of other variables which may affect the validity of the study. These variables are changed due to the different circumstances of the company. Another potential reason was the use of one firm. So the result might be just applicable in this kind of firm. Raskolnikov's Vivid Dream EssayMost of the performance measurement is related to the accomplishment of budget targets, which can cause lots of problems as mentioned previously. If people can find more effective measurements to evaluate performance to reduce the relationship of budget with performance, the budget slack can be reduced correspondingly. The authority is for the effectiveness of decision-making process. The emphasis here is how much authority should be involved into the progress of budget setting. Too much or too little authority will not meet the expectation. Conclusion This article sought to improve the understanding of the role of participation in budget setting. Though budgetary participation seems appealing for its probable advantages, it can bear several problems. The underlying issue is its ambiguous relationship with performance. People are easy to get the impression that they are positively related, however, the empirical evidences tell something differently. The linkage between participation and performance should depend on different circumstances and different intervening variables. Even though not considering the equivocation of the relationship of budgetary participation and performance, participation still bear some problems, such as budget slack and the extent of participation. These negative effects can be reduced by involving other managerial methods. ReferencesBrownell, P. (1982). A field study examination of budgetary participation and locus of control. The Accounting Review. Vol. 57. pp. 766-777. Brownell, P. and McInne s, M. (1986). Budgetary participation, motivation and managerial performance. The Accounting Review. Vol. 61. pp. 587-600. Chenhall, R. (1986). Authoritarianism and participative budgeting: a dyadic analysis. The Accounting Review. Vol. 61. pp. 263-272. Chenhall, R. H. and Brownell, P. (1988). The effect of participative budgeting on job satisfaction and performance: Role ambiguity as an intervening variable. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 13. pp. 225-233. Collins, F. (1978). The interaction of budget characteristics and personality variables with budget response attitudes. The Accounting Review. Vol. 53. pp. 324-335. Dunk, A. S. (1989). Budget emphasis, budgetary participation and managerial performance: A note. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 14. pp. 321-324Dunk, A. S. (1993). The effects of job-related tension on managerial performance in participative budgetary settings. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 18. pp. 575-585. Hartmann, F. G. H. (2000). The appropriateness of RAPM: toward the further development of theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 25. pp. 451-482. Lau, M. C. (2001). Budget emphasis, participation, task difficulty and performance: the effect of diversity within culture. Accounting and Business Research. Vol. 31. pp. 37. Abstract. Merchant, K. A. (1981). The Design of the Corporate Budgeting System: Influences on Managerial Behavior and Performance. The Accounting Review. Vol. 56. pp. 813-829. Milani, K. (1975). The relationship of participation in budget setting to industrial supervisor performance and attitudes: a field study. The Accounting Review. Vol. 50. pp. 274-284.